LONDON–The need for additional infrastructure funding in the US is clear, but critics of the White House plan have pointed out that it shifts financing responsibilities onto state and municipal coffers.
After a decade of economic post-recession struggle, this move would place many much-needed infrastructure projects back to the drawing board. Some innovative financial mechanisms will need to kick in for any of them to be realized. Here are three key lessons we've learned from infrastructure projects we've been working on in the UK, all applicable in the U.S.
Identifying Pools of Capital
Our stateside investments included roads in the Midwest, gas plants in California, a campus expansion in California, and solar power generation installations in Massachusetts and New Jersey. And last year, in the role of primary funder, our firm increased our UK direct infrastructure investment to around $20 billion. Our involvement in U.S. projects, usually fill-in debt, happens on the coattails of a project sponsor. Issuing from the project sponsor will be an equity component, and oftentimes, a tax-free debt component. This latter would be the result of a local government issuing municipal bonds. The remainder of the financing needs to be filled in with straight commercial debt.
Private sector funding is cheap and plentiful right now. Interest rates have been at historic lows, resulting in a buildup of discrete pools of private capital that collectively amount to a huge amount of money looking to be invested. But these investments need to make a decent return. Thankfully, there are a few key working approaches to maximizing the return on those capital investments.
In the United States, for example, there's almost $4 trillion in defined benefit pensions, many of which are underfunded by their issuing companies and thus are under pressure when it comes to meeting future obligations to pensioned employees. For a large insurer with longevity and investment expertise, taking over the liabilities and assets of underfunded pensions and administering them to deliver the benefits promised to their members also represents an opportunity to provide long-term investment for infrastructure projects. Thus, the cashflow from the infrastructure asset can be used to pay the pension obligations over a long period of time – perhaps forty or fifty years out. This is just one possible underpinning for private financing—there are others.
Seeing Projects In Their Entirety
In our experience, in terms of project selection and whether or not to get behind it, it's important to think about a location holistically. For a renewal project in a struggling city, for example, in order to make the place start to thrive, several economic drivers must be in place—housing, connected infrastructure, and so on.
Our approach in several cities has been to take our cues from the vision of the local civic leadership, who tend to be better informed about what will make a town or city work better. We've found that when you're trying to deliver local prosperity, usually it doesn't matter whether local authorities are on the right or left, politically—or a mixture of both. Civic pride usually beats politics.
For example, we started a regeneration project in Newcastle by talking to the chief executive of the local city council—a politically neutral civil servant. We encouraged the city to make their case to the central government, which was then under a right-wing finance minister, to try and garner a devolution deal that would grant the city greater powers and more money. As a next step, we engaged with the mayor of Newcastle and the leader of the council, a Labor Party member whose viewpoint would put place him on the political left. In practice, these political disparities didn't make any difference, because the parties shared a collective vision—making Newcastle a better place.
It's More About Partnerships Than Bidding
Finally, there's a third principle that drives our decision-making process – thinking about how we choose where we want to invest—the location, the site itself and the context.—We prioritize partnership with the city we're working with above bidding on particular projects. We've found that our offer of very long-dated patient capital usually paves the way to a successful debt financial deal—projects tend to fund themselves with this approach.
In Leeds, we're funding a large chunk of high-end rental accommodations as well as a business park that will provide 13,500 jobs. To connect this infrastructure, it's necessary—in the UK, at least—to have a railway, which we're funding, and a road, which we're also funding. In Leeds we're also appealing to civic pride by refurbishing a well-known and beloved cricket ground. All of these things add up to about £650 million (roughly
$900 million) of investment in Leeds.
The key difference between projects in the UK and here in the US is one of sheer scale. Distances between cities in the US are vast; here there is the luxury of urban sprawl. So for Americans, the word 'infrastructure' might conjure something big and impersonal—gigantic bridge and highway projects, water service to entire, vast regions. Nonetheless, most infrastructure issues are exactly the same both here and across the Atlantic: everyone needs decent living conditions, clean water, living-wage jobs and a way to get to them.
Nigel Wilson was appointed Group Chief Executive of Legal & General in 2012 having joined as Group Chief Financial Officer in 2009. In 2015 – 2016 Wilson was a member of the Prime Minister's Business Advisory Group. He can be reached at [email protected]
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